comparision of contraceptive methods---its advantages and disadvantages

All the methods of contraception are effective. However, no method is absolutely 100% reliable. The reliability for each method is given in percentages. For example, the contraceptive injection is more than 99% effective. This means that less than 1 woman in 100 will become pregnant each year using this method of contraception.

The effectiveness of some methods depend on how you use them. You have to use them properly, or they may lose their effect. For example, the 'pill' is more than 99% effective if taken correctly. If it is not (for example, if you miss a pill, etc) then it becomes less effective. Other 'user dependent' methods are barrier methods, the progestogen only pill, and natural family planning.

Some methods are not so 'user dependent' and need to be renewed only infrequently or never. These methods are: the contraceptive injection, implant, intrauterine devices, and sterilisation.When no contraception is used, more than 80 in 100 sexually active women become pregnant within 1 year.

What are the different methods of contraception?Choosing a method of contraception involves a balance between.
how effective it ispossible risks and side-effects
plans for future pregnancies
personal preference
if you have a medical condition that needs to be considered.Combined pillOften just called 'the pill'. It is more than 99% effective if used properly. Contains oestrogen and progestogen. Works mainly by stopping ovulation. It is very popular. Different brands suit different people.Some advantages - Very effective. Side-effects uncommon. Helps ease painful and heavy periods. Reduces the chance of some cancers.Some disadvantages - Small risk of serious problems (eg thrombosis). Some women get side-effects. Have to remember to take it. Can't be used by women with certain medical conditions.Progestogen only pill (POP)Used to be called the 'mini-pill'. Contains just a progestogen hormone. More than 99% effective if used properly. Is commonly taken if the combined pill is not suitable. For example: breast-feeding women, smokers over the age of 35, and some women with migraine. Works mainly by causing a plug of mucus in the cervix that blocks sperm, and by thinning the lining of the uterus. May also stop ovulation.Some advantages - Less risk of serious problems than the combined pill.

Some disadvantages - Periods often become irregular. Some women have side-effects. Not quite as reliable as the combined pill. May be less effective if you weigh over 70kg (11stone).Barrier methodsThese include male condoms, female condom, diaphragms, and caps. Prevents sperm entering the uterus. Male condoms are about 98% effective if used properly. Other barrier methods are slightly less effective than this.Some advantages - No serious medical risks or side-effects. Helps protect from sexually transmitted infections. Condoms are widely available.

Some disadvantages - Not quite as reliable as other methods. Needs to be used properly every time you have sex. Male condoms occasionally split or come off.Contraceptive injections (eg Depoprovera and Noristerat)Contains a progestogen hormone which slowly releases into the body. More than 99% effective. Works by preventing ovulation and also has similar actions as the POP. An injection is needed every 8-12 weeks.

Some advantages - Very effective. Don't have to remember to take pills.

Some disadvantages - Periods may become irregular (but often lighter or stop altogether). Some women have side-effects. Normal fertility after stopping may be delayed by several months. Can't undo the injection, so if side-effects occur they may persist for 8-12 weeks or slightly longer.Contraceptive implants (eg Implanon)An implant is a small device placed under the skin. Contains a progestogen hormone which slowly releases into the body. Is more than 99% effective. Works in a similar way to the contraceptive injection. Involves a small minor operation using local anaesthetic. Each one lasts 3 years.Some advantages - Very effective. Don't have to remember to take pills.Some disadvantages - Periods may become irregular (but often lighter or stop altogether). Some women develop side-effects but these tend to settle after the first few months.Intrauterine device (IUD)A plastic and copper device is put into the uterus. Lasts 5 or more years. It works mainly by stopping the egg and sperm from meeting. It may also prevent the fertilised egg from attaching to the lining of the uterus. The copper also has a spermicidal effect (kills sperm).Some advantages - Very effective. Don't have to remember to take pills.Some disadvantages - Periods may get heavier or more painful. Small risk of serious problems.Hormone releasing intrauterine device (eg Mirena)Otherwise called the intrauterine system (IUS). A plastic device that contains a progestogen hormone is put into the uterus. The progestogen is released at a slow but constant rate. More than 99% effective. Works in a similar way to the POP. Is also used to treat heavy periods (menorrhagia).

Some advantages - Very effective. Don't have to remember to take pills. Periods become light or stop altogether.Some disadvantages - Side-effects may occur as with other progestogen methods such as the POP, implant and injection. However, they are much less likely as the hormone is mainly confined to the uterus (little gets into the bloodstream).Natural methodsThis involves fertility awareness. Effective if done correctly. Requires commitment and regular checking of fertility indicators such as body temperature and cervical secretions.Some advantages - No side-effects or medical risks.Some disadvantages - May not be as reliable as other methods. Fertility awareness needs proper instruction and takes 3-6 menstrual cycles to learn properly.SterilisationInvolves an operation. Is more than 99% effective. Vasectomy (male sterilisation) stops sperm travelling from the testes. Female sterilisation prevents the egg from travelling along the Fallopian tubes to meet a sperm. Vasectomy is easier and more effective than female sterilisation. Popular when family is complete.Some advantages - Very effective. Don't have to think further about contraception.Some disadvantages - Very difficult to reverse. Female sterilisation usually needs a general anaesthetic.Emergency contraceptionCan be used if you had sex without using contraception. Also, if you had sex but there was a mistake with contraception. For example, a split condom or if you missed taking your usual contraceptive pills.

temporary and permanent contraceptives method

By far the most popular temporary contraceptive method is the oral contraceptive, commonly known as "the pill," which has a failure rate typical use of less than 10 percent over a year. Among 67 developing countries for which survey data are available (not including China or India), about 50 percent of married women who have ever used contraception have used the pill at some point. The pill has been most popular in Latin America; there, about 55 percent of all married women have used the pill. In the Near East and North Africa, about one-third of married women have used the pill, and in Sub-Saharan Africa, about 15 percent have used it at some time (Johns Hopkins Population Information Program 2000).

More than 20 million women use systemic contraceptives containing only progestins. These contraceptives include subdermal implants such as Norplant, injectable products, IUDs, and vaginal rings. These products have high rates of contraceptive efficacy (0.3 to 1.0 percent failure rate over 12 months). Their long duration of action allows for a relatively infrequent dose. Their main drawbacks are their tendencies to cause highly irregular endometrial bleeding and amenorrhea. Although altered bleeding does not have any ill health effects, it does pose a problem for women in societies that bar or restrict women from certain social and religious activities during menstruation. The World Health Organization estimates that between 10 and 30 percent of women abandon their progestin-only methods for this reason (WHO 2002a).

PERMANENT contraceptive methods

Intra-uterine device
An intra-uterine device (intra meaning within, and uterine meaning of the uterus) is a birth control device placed in the uterus, also known as an IUD or a coil (this colloquialism is based on the coil-shaped design of early IUDs). Dr. Ernst Gräfenberg of Germany invented an early IUD and was the first person to market these devices. The IUD is the world's most widely used method of reversible birth control

Female sterilization
Female sterilization, also called tubal occlusion or ligation, is a permanent contraceptive method for women who do not want more children. The method requires a simple surgical procedure. The two most common female sterilization approaches are minilaparotomy, which is usually performed under local anesthesia with light sedation, and laparoscopy, which requires general anesthesia. Female sterilization does not affect breastfeeding or interfere with intercourse and it is free from the side effects associated with some temporary methods. No medical condition absolutely restricts a woman's eligibility for the method.

Male sterilization
Male sterilization, also called vasectomy, is a permanent contraceptive method for men who do not want more children. The method requires a simple surgical procedure and is performed under local anesthesia. Male sterilization is not castration; it does not affect the testes. The method does not interfere with intercourse or affect a man's sexual ability. No medical condition absolutely restricts a man's eligibility for the method. Male sterilization is generally safer and less expensive than female sterilization and it is a good way for men to share in the responsibility of family planning. Providers should encourage couples to discuss this option. Some characteristics of male sterilization are highlighted below.

http://www.engenderhealth.org/our-work/family-planning/long-acting-and-permanent-methods.phphttp://www.dcp2.org/pubs/DCP/57/Section/8508

contraception

Contraception or birth control is the term used for the prevention of pregnancy.There are numerous methods to prevent a pregnancy.

Barrier methods, such as condoms, the diaphragm, and the cervical cap, designed to prevent the sperm from reaching the egg for fertilization. Intrauterine device, or IUD, is a small device that is inserted into the uterus by a health care provider. The IUD prevents a fertilized egg from implanting in the uterus. An IUD can stay in the uterus for up to 10 years until it is removed by a health care provider.

Hormonal birth control, such as birth control pills, injections, skin patches, and vaginal rings, release hormones into a woman’s body that interfere with fertility by preventing ovulation, fertilization, or implantation.

Sterilization is a method that permanently prevents a woman from getting pregnant or a man from being able to get a woman pregnant. Sterilization involves surgical procedures that must be done by a health care provider and usually cannot be reversed.

However, these methods are not all equally reliable.

It is important to note that no birth control method fully protects against HIV infection or other sexually transmissable diseases.Contraceptive methods can be very reliable for preventing you from becoming pregnant, but this does not necessarily mean that they give you protection against HIV infection or other sexually transmitted diseases. The following methods provide NO PROTECTION against HIV-infection: the calendar method, intra-uterine devices, the birth control pill and other hormonal methods of contraception. Coitus interruptus (withdrawal) is unreliable, both towards prevention of pregnancy and HIV infection.

The choice of birth control depends on factors such as a person's overall health, age, frequency of sexual activity, number of sexual partners, desire to have children in the future, and family history of certain diseases. A woman should talk to her health care provider about her choice of birth control method.

It is important to remember that even though all these methods can prevent pregnancy, condoms are the only method that can protect against sexually transmitted diseases or HIV.

glossary:Birth control - is a regimen of one or more actions, devices, or medications followed in order to deliberately prevent or reduce the likelihood of pregnancy or childbirth.

http://www.healthguidance.org/authors/484/Institute-of-Child-Health-and-Human-Developmenthttp://www.janssen-cilag.com/disease/detail.jhtml?itemname=contraception_about&product=none

meaning of (birth control) taken from:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_control

issues on sex

definiton
sex - a process of combining and mixing genetic traits, often resulting in the specialization of organisms into male and female types (or sexes).

topics that we will focus on
" what are the contraceptive methods and has contraception got to do with vasectomy? "

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lim wei heong (21)2-5
catholic high school
doing on two topics
1) Ecology and Nutrient Cycles in the Ecosystem---how does an eco system works?
2)Issues on Sex---